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        <h4 id="PHP类和对象"><a href="#PHP类和对象" class="headerlink" title="PHP类和对象"></a><strong>PHP类和对象</strong></h4><p>类是一类东西的结构描述，而对象则是一类东西的一个具体实例。创建一个对象，通常需要写一个类，再将类通过new关键字进行实例化。</p>
<p>示例：</p>
<div class="highlight-box"autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" contenteditable="true"data-rel="PHP"><figure class="iseeu highlight /php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//定义类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Car</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    $name = <span class="string">'汽车'</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">getName</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">$this</span>-&gt;name;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$car = <span class="keyword">new</span> Car();	<span class="comment">//实例化类为对象</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">echo</span> $car-&gt;getName();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></div>

<p>类与对象看起来比较相似，但实际上有本质的区别，类是抽象的概念，对象是具体的实例。类可以使程序具有可重用性。</p>
<a id="more"></a>

<h4 id="PHP类和对象的访问控制"><a href="#PHP类和对象的访问控制" class="headerlink" title="PHP类和对象的访问控制"></a><strong>PHP类和对象的访问控制</strong></h4><p>什么是类和对象的访问控制？顾名思义，就是指类或对象来自外部访问的权限控制。</p>
<p>类或对象的访问控制关键字有：</p>
<ul>
<li>public：公有的</li>
<li>protected：受保护的</li>
<li>private：私有的</li>
</ul>
<p>PHP语法规定，类属性必须定义为公有、受保护、私有之一，若是类的属性不加上访问控制的前缀将会报错。为兼容PHP5以前的版本，如果采用 var 定义，则被视为公有。</p>
<p>类的方法也可以定义访问权限，默认为公有。</p>
<p>示例：</p>
<div class="highlight-box"autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" contenteditable="true"data-rel="PHP"><figure class="iseeu highlight /php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//定义一个方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Room</span></span>&#123;	</span><br><span class="line">	$name01 = <span class="string">"卧室、"</span>;	<span class="comment">//属性未定义访问控制，会调用失败并报错</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">public</span> $name02 = <span class="string">"客房"</span>;	<span class="comment">//定义访问控制为公有，调用成功</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">$room = <span class="keyword">new</span> Room();	<span class="comment">//实例化方法为对象</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">echo</span> $room-&gt;name01;	<span class="comment">//输入对象的name01,因未定义访问控制，无法输出。</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">echo</span> $room-&gt;name02; <span class="comment">//输出对象的name02，成功输出“客房”</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></div>


<h4 id="PHP中Static静态关键字的作用"><a href="#PHP中Static静态关键字的作用" class="headerlink" title="PHP中Static静态关键字的作用"></a><strong>PHP中Static静态关键字的作用</strong></h4><p>静态属性与方法可以在不实例化类的情况下调用，直接使用类名::方法名的方式进行调用。静态属性不允许对象使用-&gt;操作符调用。</p>
<p>静态方法中，$this伪变量不允许使用。可以使用self，static，parent在内部调用静态方法与属性。<br>self和static都是调用变量用的，parent用于调用方法。</p>
<p>示例：</p>
<div class="highlight-box"autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" contenteditable="true"data-rel="PHP"><figure class="iseeu highlight /php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Car</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> $speed = <span class="number">10</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> $setout = <span class="string">" 时速，出发！"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">getSpeed</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">self</span>::$speed;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">speedUp</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">self</span>::$speed+=<span class="number">10</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">BigCar</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title">Car</span> </span>&#123;	<span class="comment">//BigCar继承Car</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">start</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">parent</span>::speedUp();</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">setout</span><span class="params">()</span></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">static</span>::$setout;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">BigCar::start(); <span class="comment">//调用静态方法加10</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">echo</span> Car::getSpeed(); <span class="comment">//输出静态方法里的值</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">echo</span> BigCar::setout();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></div>


<h4 id="PHP类和对象之对象继承"><a href="#PHP类和对象之对象继承" class="headerlink" title="PHP类和对象之对象继承"></a><strong>PHP类和对象之对象继承</strong></h4><p>继承是面对对象程序设计中常用的一个特性，同一父类的子类具有很多相同的属性和方法，可以采用继承的特性，来让子类来共享父类的属性和方法，实现代码的复用。</p>
<p>例如汽车就是一个比较大的类，我们也可以称之为基类或父类。汽车这个大类中还分为轿车、货车、越野车等，他们都有一些相同的特性。例如：同样都有轮子、方向盘、刹车、离合。这些相同的特性我们就可以写一个父类，让不同的子类来继承，从而提高代码的复用率。</p>
<p>示例：上面”Static静态关键字的作用”示例中已经有对象继承的内容，下面重点提一下语法。</p>
<div class="highlight-box"autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" contenteditable="true"data-rel="PHP"><figure class="iseeu highlight /php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Car</span></span>&#123;	<span class="comment">//定义一个类Car</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">BigCar</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title">Car</span></span>&#123;	<span class="comment">//新类BigCar继承类Car的属性方法。</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></div>


<h4 id="PHP类和对象之重载"><a href="#PHP类和对象之重载" class="headerlink" title="PHP类和对象之重载"></a><strong>PHP类和对象之重载</strong></h4><p>PHP中的重载指的是动态的创建属性与方法，是通过魔术方法来实现的。属性的重载通过_set，__get，__isset，__unset来分别实现对不存在属性的赋值、读取、判断属性是否设置、销毁属性。</p>
<p>示例：</p>
<div class="highlight-box"autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" contenteditable="true"data-rel="PHP"><figure class="iseeu highlight /php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Car</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> $ary = <span class="keyword">array</span>();</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">__set</span><span class="params">($key, $val)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">$this</span>-&gt;ary[$key] = $val;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">__get</span><span class="params">($key)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="keyword">isset</span>(<span class="keyword">$this</span>-&gt;ary[$key])) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">$this</span>-&gt;ary[$key];</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">__isset</span><span class="params">($key)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="keyword">isset</span>(<span class="keyword">$this</span>-&gt;ary[$key])) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">true</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">false</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">__unset</span><span class="params">($key)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">unset</span>(<span class="keyword">$this</span>-&gt;ary[$key]);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">$car = <span class="keyword">new</span> Car();</span><br><span class="line">$car-&gt;name = <span class="string">'汽车'</span>;  <span class="comment">//name属性动态创建并赋值</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">echo</span> $car-&gt;name;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></div>

<p>方法的重载通过__call来实现，当调用不存在的方法的时候，将会转为参数调用__call方法，当调用不存在的静态方法时会使用__callStatic重载。</p>
<div class="highlight-box"autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" contenteditable="true"data-rel="PHP"><figure class="iseeu highlight /php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Car</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> $speed = <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">__call</span><span class="params">($name, $args)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> ($name == <span class="string">'speedUp'</span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">$this</span>-&gt;speed += <span class="number">10</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">$car = <span class="keyword">new</span> Car();</span><br><span class="line">$car-&gt;speedUp(); <span class="comment">//调用不存在的方法会使用重载</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">echo</span> $car-&gt;speed;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></div>

<p>当调用当前环境下未定义或不可见的类属性或方法时，重载方法会被调用。</p>
<hr>
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